The following is the Tortoise can turn off aging From “Thousand year bastard, ten thousand year turtle”! Science recommended by recordtrend.com. And this article belongs to the classification: Life data.
Aging is an inevitable “fate” for everyone. It is a complex, multi-stage and gradual process that occurs in the whole process of life. With the passage of time, human organs will gradually age, and some diseases are also accompanied by the growth of age, especially age-related chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and so on. But it seems that not all creatures follow the same pattern of decay and degeneration until old age and death.
A new study has found that the aging patterns of tortoises living in zoos and Aquarium turtles are not similar to those of humans or other animals. Most of them age slowly, and even in some cases, their degree of aging can be ignored. Of the 52 turtle and tortoise species, 75% showed extremely slow aging, while 80% showed slower aging than modern humans.
The study was published in the Journal of science on June 24, 2022, entitled “slow and negligible awareness among Testudines challenges evolutionary theories of awareness”.
Rita da Silva, a biologist who carried out research at the University of Southern Denmark, said, “contrary to the general aging theory, our research shows that many species of turtles and tortoises have found ways to slow down or even completely turn off aging. This means that aging is not inevitable for all organisms.”
Researchers have conducted extensive studies on the mortality and growth patterns of sea turtles and tortoises (chelonians) by age and sex.
They obtained breeding records of 52 species, covering different life history strategies, weight and longevity. Using Bayesian survival trajectory analysis, they estimated the age-specific mortality, remaining adult life expectancy and aging rate of females (47 species) and males (39 species).
According to the best fitting model, when the survival function reaches 0.2 (that is, when 80% of adults are expected to die), the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the aging rate in their age group. Generally speaking, if the 95% CI of a species is greater than 0, it means that the species will experience aging; If the 95% CI of a species is less than 0, it is a negative value, which means that the species will not experience aging; If the 95% CI of a species is around 0, it means that the species will also experience aging, but this aging rate is very low and negligible.
The distribution of aging rate in turtles is much narrower than that in mammals, and the overlap between the distribution of aging rate in these two kinds of animals is very small. In short, the aging rate of turtles is far lower than that of most mammals. For some species, the aging rate is close to negligible.
Figure 1 Adult life expectancy and aging rate of female and male sea turtles and tortoises. Bayesian survival trajectory analysis (basta) was used to calculate life expectancy, aging rate and 95% CI. For comparison, these authors describe the aging rate of modern humans.
Picture from science, 2022, doi:10.1126/science abl7811。
In order to further understand the changes in life expectancy and aging rate between sexes, the researchers measured the relative gender differences in adult life expectancy and differences in aging rate of 34 species (Figure 2). The average life expectancy of adult males exceeds that of females by 20% (± 51%), while the average gender difference in aging rate is close to zero (-0.002 ± 0.039).
They found that the advantage of male adult life expectancy was consistent with that of other reptile groups, but inconsistent with the results of other quadrupeds (such as mammals). Contrary to previous studies on reptiles, they found that gender differences in adult life expectancy cannot be explained by differences in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, differences in reproductive efforts between sexes, or hibernation (Table 1). However, under the care of human beings, the difference of habitat can be ignored, and individuals may naturally bypass hibernation to cope with unrestricted access to food throughout the year, free from predation and thermal stability. Due to the lack of information, they cannot test other explanations, such as the cost of sexual selection traits or gender determination systems.
Figure 2 Gender differences in life expectancy and aging rates. Picture from science, 2022, doi:10.1126/science abl7811。
Dalia Conde, co-author of the paper and associate professor of biology at the University of Southern Denmark, said, “we found that some of these species can reduce their aging rate to cope with better living conditions in zoos and aquariums than in the wild.”
Some evolutionary theories predict that aging after sexual maturity is a trade-off between the energy invested in repairing cell and tissue damage and the energy invested in reproduction, so that its genes will be passed on to the next generation. This trade-off means that after reaching sexual maturity, the individual stops growing and begins to experience aging, that is, with age, the body function gradually degenerates.
Turtles continue to grow after sexual maturity
Existing theories predict that this trade-off is inevitable, so aging is inevitable. In fact, this prediction has been confirmed in some species, especially mammals and birds. However, organisms that continue to grow after sexual maturity, such as turtles and tortoises, are considered to have the potential to continue to invest in repairing cell damage, so they are considered to be ideal candidates to reduce or even avoid the harmful effects of aging.
Fernando colchero, CO corresponding author of the paper and associate professor of mathematics and computer science at the University of Southern Denmark, said, “However, please note that the fact that some of them show negligible aging does not mean that they are immortal; it only means that their risk of death will not increase with age, but is still greater than zero. In short, all of their individuals will eventually die from inevitable causes of death, such as disease.”
With the improvement of living conditions, the rate of human aging has not slowed down
In the last century, mankind witnessed an unprecedented increase in human life span. However, studies of human and non-human primates have shown that the improvement of living conditions has not significantly changed the rate of aging.
In this new study, researchers studied populations in protected environments, so their results may not reflect the aging rate and longevity in their natural environment. For example, studies on poisonous snakes and frogs have found that when exposed to different environmental conditions, the aging rate of the population will be very different.
They compared their findings with the natural environment data of three turtle species [chrysemys picta, Trachemys scripta and kinixys homeana]. They found that T. scripta (a=0.04 in nature, and a=0.01 on average in ZIMS) and K. homeana (a=0.11 in nature, and a=0.02 on average in ZIMS) had significantly higher aging rates in the natural environment (Fig. 3). The aging rate of these two species in nature falls at the upper end of the posterior density of the aging rate in ZIMS, and is outside the 95% CI (i.e. the upper quartile of T. scripta is < 0.0001, and the upper quartile of K. homeana is 0.007) (Fig. 3, B and F). C. Picta's wild aging rate is slightly lower (a=0.05, while the average a in ZIMS = 0.08), although this wild aging rate is included in 95% CI (lower quartile is 0.15), the wild population has a fairly high baseline mortality level (Fig. 3, C and D). However, the mechanism of the change of death trajectory and aging rate between wild populations and populations under human care is still unclear. Disposable soma theory believes that populations exposed to milder conditions can allocate more energy to survival rather than protection or foraging, thereby extending their life span. However, this theory still predicts that aging should be inevitable in this group.
Figure 3 Comparison of age-specific mortality trajectories and aging rates among female populations of three turtles in the wild, zoos and Aquariums (ZIMS).
Picture from science, 2022, doi:10.1126/science abl7811。
Recent studies on human and non-human primates have shown that in response to the improvement of living conditions, the extension of life expectancy comes from the reduction of infant and infant mortality and the overall mortality level, but the aging rate remains stable. In this new study, researchers found that under controlled conditions, sea turtles and tortoises can reduce the effects of aging and, in some cases, even avoid the effects of aging.
In human and non-human primate species, environmental changes mainly affect infant and adolescent mortality, as well as age-related causes of death, such as predation or extreme conditions. Colchero said, “so these species, including humans, cannot avoid aging.”
reference material:
Rita da Silva et al. Slow and negligible senescence among testudines challenge evolutionary theories of senescence. Science, 2022, doi:10.1126/science.abl7811.
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