The following is the Will you get fat in the sun? The latest research shows that sunbathing can stimulate men to eat, but women are not affected recommended by recordtrend.com. And this article belongs to the classification: Life data.
Obesity is not only a simple bloated body, but has been upgraded to one of the most serious chronic diseases of mankind. The blue book on obesity and control in China published by the Chinese Nutrition Society points out that at present, about 40% of adults worldwide are obese or overweight, and the incidence of overweight in middle-aged people is as high as 50%. Therefore, scientific weight loss has become an issue of great interest to scientists and the public. “Control your mouth and open your legs” has become the core idea of scientific weight loss method.
Which season of exercise is most conducive to weight loss? It is generally believed that the temperature in summer is high and the metabolism is vigorous. Compared with other seasons, the body is prone to sweat, and the calories consumed are easy to be consumed, reducing the fat conversion rate. Secondly, in summer, the metabolism is fast, and the blood on the skin surface and limbs will be supplied, which reduces the blood supply in the stomach and leads to the decline of digestive tract function. It is easy to have a poor appetite in summer. Reducing the intake of staple food will reduce calories, which is conducive to weight loss. But the sunshine exposure in summer is higher than that in other seasons. Will this affect eating and weight?
On July 11, 2022, researchers from Tel Aviv University in Israel published a research paper entitled: Food seeing behavior is triggered by skin ultraviolet exposure in horses on nature metabolism. The study found that sunlight can stimulate men (males) to eat and gain weight by secreting ghrelin from adipose tissue in the skin, but women are not affected. This finding reveals that sunlight can affect eating behavior and whole-body energy balance, and has different effects on different sexes.
The research team first analyzed the data from the large-scale nutrition survey. In the three-year data of 3000 people, the research team found that men’s energy intake varied with seasons, and was the highest in summer; However, women have no corresponding changes in seasons.
Compared with women, sunlight can increase men’s energy intake
Under sun irradiation, there is an enhanced metabolism of lipids and steroids in men, while there is a downward trend in women. In addition, metabolism related peptides are most significantly affected by solar irradiation, including arginase 1 (arg1) signal pathway and apolipoprotein C-I (apo1) signal in the urea cycle. It is the central regulator of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) signal transduction and cholesterol metabolism. These data show that although both men and women increase their response to the environment and reduce the extracellular vesicle pathway, men and women have different ways of responding in the immune system and metabolism.
Compared with women, sunlight can improve the metabolic level of men
The researchers further explored the gender effect of UVB exposure. The mice were exposed to UV for 10 weeks. After the experiment, the changes of related protein levels in the blood of mice were tested. The results showed that the levels of ghrelin (also known as gastric growth hormone releasing hormone) in the blood and body weight of male mice increased significantly, but there was no significant change in female mice. In addition, male mice showed more protein changes related to metabolism than female mice. However, there was no significant difference in oxygen consumption between male and female mice, indicating that UVB would not change basic metabolism.
Next, the researchers explored whether changes in food intake in male mice exposed to UVB were related to changes in food related behavior. The results of the test showed that the number of food particles and the time spent in the test center of male rats exposed to ultraviolet (UVB) increased, while the activity level and total activity distance decreased significantly during the test. Female mice exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) had no obvious similar changes. Although anxiety can affect food intake, the total time spent in the test center for males with food is tripled, indicating that males receiving UVB may experience less anxiety, and their motivation is food.
Daily UVB exposure enhances feeding behavior in males
UVB irradiation of the skin will activate p53 and its downstream multicomponent precursor polypeptide POMC, resulting in α- MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and endorphins. All three POMC derivatives may be released into the blood.
Researchers found that ACTH α- MSH and β- Endorphins increased significantly. It indicates that the increase of male food intake under UVB exposure cannot be used β- The increase of endorphins is explained by other unknown factors. Further analysis of mouse plasma after UVB irradiation showed that the level of ghrelin increased significantly in males, either in the total form or in the active form (acyl ghrelin), but did not exist in females. In contrast, leptin levels were much lower in males exposed to UVB, while significantly higher in females. Compared with control mice, ghrelin mRNA and protein levels increased significantly in the stomach of both male and female mice after food deprivation.
UVB exposure of ACTH α- MSH and β- Endorphins increased significantly
It was further found that UVB exposure significantly increased ghrelin-o-acyltransferase (goat) 32 and invertase (pcsk1) 1/3 in male skin. UVB exposure did not affect ghrelin levels in women’s skin. After UVB exposure, the expression level of leptin in male skin decreased slightly, while it decreased significantly in male stomach. In contrast, leptin decreased significantly in women’s skin and slightly in the stomach. Due to the significant increase in plasma leptin levels in females after exposure to UVB, leptin regulation must be related to another organ.
UVB radiation induces the production and secretion of ghrelin by skin adipocytes
Next, the researchers exposed the isolated human skin to UVB radiation (500 mj/cm2) every day (5 days), and found that the expression level of ghrelin mRNA in male subdermal adipose tissue increased significantly. On the contrary, UVB had no effect on ghrelin expression in the subdermal layer of female skin. There was no change in ghrelin levels in the epidermis and dermis of men and women. Ghrelin protein expression peaked 8 hours after UVB exposure in male subcutaneous adipocytes, but not in women.
Ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly increased in male subdermal adipose tissue
In order to determine the function of adipocytes under UVB irradiation, the researchers used male lisa-2 cells for differentiation, human female preadipocytes and mouse male 3T3-L1 cells transformed into adipose like cells for fat drop oil red staining. In cell experiments, ghrelin, goat and pcsk1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in UV treated cells. UVB treatment had no effect on ghrelin expression in human female adipocytes. In UVB cell culture medium, the secretion of ghrelin protein also increased. The addition of go COA tat, a ghrelin o-acyltransferase (goat) inhibitor, can reduce the production of ghrelin.
Ghrelin, goat and pcsk1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in UV treated cells in vitro
Then the researchers tried to reveal the mechanism behind these phenomena. They analyzed the related signal pathways. P53 is the most significantly related among the key transcription factors predicted. In addition, due to the direct activation of p53 by UV induced DNA damage, the expression of ghrelin induced by UVB in adipocytes may be mediated by p53. The results showed that cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers could be detected in the epidermis, dermis and subdermis of male and female mice exposed to UVB. The increase of p53 under UVB is not due to the decreased expression of negative regulator MDM2.
P53 mediates UVB induced ghrelin expression in adipocytes
Molecular biology experiments showed that p53 directly up regulated ghrelin expression in male UVB exposed skin adipose tissue. Male mice that specifically knock out p53 gene in subcutaneous adipocytes no longer increase eating behavior under sunlight. The reason why females are not affected is that estrogen will interfere with the interaction between p53 and ghrelin promoter, inhibit the expression and release of ghrelin, and thus will not increase food intake under sunlight.
Male mice that specifically knock out p53 gene in subcutaneous adipocytes no longer increase eating behavior under sunlight
P53 directly binds to ghrelin promoter region to up regulate its expression
In order to further understand how solar radiation changes human appetite, the researchers recruited 13 men and 14 women (aged 18-55 years) who were exposed to the sun for about 25 minutes. The results of hunger behavior and ghrelin levels were consistent with the data of mice. These data show that UVB solar irradiation equivalent to 2000 MJ / cm2 can promote men’s appetite and the level of ghrelin (total form and active form) in blood circulation.
UVB up regulates the expression of p53 in the skin, activates the promoter of ghrelin, and promotes the expression and release of ghrelin
Ghrelin has anti-inflammatory effect and enhances insulin sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome and animals with type II diabetes. Patients with anorexia, such as chemotherapy, should benefit from treatment that induces ghrelin production. This study laid a foundation for the follow-up study of the role of skin in energy and metabolic homeostasis. However, UV is a recognized carcinogen, and the use of phototherapy should also avoid its side effects in an appropriate dose and duration.
reference:
Nat Metab. 2022 Jul 11.doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00587-9.
Food-seeking behavior is triggered by skin ultraviolet exposure in males
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