List of top ten scientific breakthroughs in 2021 From Science

The following is the List of top ten scientific breakthroughs in 2021 From Science recommended by recordtrend.com. And this article belongs to the classification: global economy .

In 2021, the epidemic is still spreading around the world, but this year is also a bumper year for science. There are a large number of discoveries about biology and medicine, human prehistory and the physical world. So, what are the ten most noteworthy scientific breakthroughs? Science followed nature and also released their annual list.

The results refer to the two-week netizen voting, of which three are consistent with the events selected by nature.

Let’s review them one by one.

Merck Xinguan oral medicine can reduce the risk of hospitalization and death by 30%

The vaccine has played a major role in the struggle against COVID-19, but this year a strong new player has also come in: antiviral oral medicine.

One is molnupiravir from Merck, an American pharmaceutical company.

According to the final data submitted by the company to the regulatory authorities, if the drug is taken in the early stage of infection, the risk of hospitalization or death of unvaccinated high-risk groups can be reduced by 30%.

If taken within 3 days of symptom onset, it can reduce the hospitalization rate by 89%.

Scientists say that antiviral drugs can not replace vaccination, and there is still a lot of uncertainty about new drugs, but their emergence is still crucial, especially in case of new Omicron variants.

Ancient human DNA was extracted from soil for the first time

This year, for the first time, scientists extracted DNA from the nucleus of ancient humans from the soil in the cave. They used this “soil DNA” to reconstruct the identity of cavemen around the world.

In the estatuas cave in Spain, the extracted nuclear DNA reveals the genetic characteristics and gender of humans living there 80000 to 113000 years ago, and shows that one lineage of Neanderthals replaced several others after the glacial period ended 100000 years ago.

In the 25000 year old soil of satsurblia cave in Georgia, scientists found the female human genome from the previously unknown Neanderthal line, as well as the genetic traces of bison and extinct wolf.

These findings can help scientists answer more questions about the rise and fall of ancient species.

Psychedelic drugs can treat PTSD

The ability of psychedelic drugs to change the spirit once made people have great hope for their treatment of mental diseases, but there has been a lack of large-scale and strict experimental proof.

This year, great success has been achieved in this field: a study published in nature medicine in may found that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as “Ecstasy”, can significantly reduce the symptoms of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

76 subjects received three 8-hour drug treatments. After two months, 67% of the subjects no longer met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD, compared with 32% of the control group treated with psychotherapy.

Mouse embryos develop normally in a “glass bottle”

In depth study of the process of human early embryonic development can help scientists understand abortion and birth defects, and improve in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs.

However, legal, practical and ethical issues limit this research.

This year, scientists found a potential alternative: not only the development time of mouse embryos in the artificial uterine “glass bottle” exceeded from 3-4 days to 11 days, but also the reprogramming of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells into blastocyst like structures.

Although this artificial blastocyst is not a real embryo, it can provide a guiding and less controversial alternative.

Artificial monoclonal antibodies “tame” infectious diseases

Laboratory antibodies called monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment of some cancers and autoimmune diseases, but their success in combating infectious diseases is limited.

This year the situation has changed because it has successfully invaded SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and other life-threatening pathogens, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), HIV and malaria parasites.

The high cost and the need to use injections have not benefited many people, but with the decline of prices, injections replacing infusion and more effective mAbs entering the market, they are expected to become standard weapons in the arsenal of infectious diseases.

Nuclear fusion can achieve “energy balance”

Nuclear fusion, which provides energy for the sun and other stars, has long been regarded as a solution to the earth’s energy problem. But reaching the required pressure and temperature – 10 times the temperature of the sun’s core – is notoriously difficult.

A result of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in August surprised the scientific community. They produced a nuclear fusion reaction that reached energy balance, that is, the energy generated by the reaction exceeded the laser energy required to ignite it.

Professor Steven rose, CO director of the research center in this field at Imperial College London, said: “this is the most significant progress in inertial fusion {since 1972.”

The Martian core was revealed

The interior of a rocky planet is a time machine: its dense core, viscous mantle and hardened crust can reveal how it merged, stirred and precipitated into what it is today.

Previously, humans could only enter two such time capsules: the earth and the moon during the Apollo mission.

Now, the instruments on NASA’s insight lander have revealed the secret of Mars burial for the first time through the “Mars earthquake”: it has a thin crust, a shallow mantle and an {unusually large liquid metal core – starting from about 1500 kilometers below the surface of Mars, which is just half the radius of Mars.

The next three major scientific events are also on natue’s annual science list. We rank them from low to high according to the number of votes.

μ Sub magnetism exceeds expectations, or subverts the standard model of particle physics

In this ring of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, μ The neutron rotates like a compass in a magnetic field accurate to 30 parts per billion.

Its magnetism exceeds the theoretical prediction. Although the difference is only 0.1%, it may overturn the standard model of particle physics that has been the standard in the physics field for 50 years.

This is the big event that caused a sensation in physics this year.

Learn more about:

Is the standard model of particle physics wrong? Electronic “cousin” magnetism exceeded theoretical expectations, and physicists found evidence of the existence of unknown particles

CRISPR can be directly applied in vivo

CRISPR, a gene editing tool, won its first clinical victory in 2020.

At that time, it seemed to cure patients with two genetic blood diseases, sickle cell disease and β- People with thalassemia, but these treatments are carried out in laboratory dishes: take defective hematopoietic stem cells from the patient, edit them, and then re inject them into the patient.

This year, scientists went one step further and directly used CRISPR for gene editing in vivo.

In a small study, the procedure reduced a toxic liver protein and improved vision in patients with hereditary blindness.

Learn more about:

Injection of “gene scissors” to treat rare genetic diseases, the patient had no obvious adverse reactions within 28 days, and the Nobel Prize winner was very excited

Top of the list: alphafold2

There is no doubt that alphafold2 is the biggest scientific breakthrough in 2021, whether it is nature or science.

Before that, the complexity of protein structure was far beyond people’s imagination, which could only be determined through arduous laboratory analysis.

Alphafold2, which successfully predicted 98.5% of human protein structure, is undoubtedly a well deserved major breakthrough in the field of computer and structural biology.

Now, scientists studying COVID-19 are also using AlphaFold2 to mimic the effects of mutations in the spike protein of the gene.

Learn more about:

Huge impact! When alphafold2 was published in nature again, the practitioners were stunned: 98.5% of human protein was predicted once

above.

In addition to the ten major scientific breakthroughs in the year, Science has identified three major breakdown scientific events, which are related to the dim climate goals, the drugs that cause angry Alzheimer’s disease, and the rejection and attack by scientists on COVID-19’s disagreement.

Read more: Science magazine: Top 10 scientific breakthroughs in the world in 2014 Science: Top 20 best employers in Pharmaceutical Science in 2017 Science: scientific breakthroughs in 2014: Rosetta / Raffi landing comet Science: ranking of best employers in life science in 2014 Science: Top 10 scientific breakthroughs in 2018 Forbes : musk became the world’s highest paid CEO with a salary of 71 billion yuan in 2020. Fortune: Apple ranked first in the list of the world’s most admired companies in 2018. Nikkei Asia review New World Wealth: in 2019, the richest city in the world, Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, ranked first in Asia in terms of year-end market value of global technology companies. In 2019, Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong ranked top 10. Kantei: the ratio of house price to income in Tokyo, Japan reached 13.3 times, a 10-year high. Inrix: in 2016, Chinese cities were not among the top 10 in the global traffic congestion ranking. IFI: in 2018, apple obtained more than 2000 patents, ranking 10th in the United States. In 2018, American automobile Top 10 in car sales the number of bankruptcies of Ford’s first U.S. company reached the highest level in 10 years FactSet: in 2013, ICBC, the world’s top 10 most profitable enterprise, beat apple to the top

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