The study found that rich people are more stingy and like to look in the mirror before taking pictures

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You may have the experience that when it comes to inviting people to dinner, the richest people seem to be the least willing to pay. You may curse in your heart, “money is so stingy!” Is it true that the rich are more stingy and less trustworthy, as it has been said? A 1993 study found that the number of economics majors who admitted that they had made no contribution to charity was twice that of architecture or psychology majors. The researchers also found that students majoring in economics were less likely to be friendly in games involving cooperation, such as prisoner’s dilemma.

When students are assessed at the beginning and end of a degree program, those who study other subjects become a little more generous towards graduation, while economics majors are as stingy as ever.

But there is also evidence that those who are richer, or at least those who live in more expensive areas, may be more altruistic. The researchers took a walk around 20 different parts of London, scattering 15 stamped and addressed letters on the sidewalks of each place. Then observe how many letters will be found and sent by kind-hearted passers-by. In wealthier areas, such as Wimbledon, 87% of letters are sent out, while in poorer areas, such as Shadwell, the proportion is only 37%.

The rich also seem to show more often their generosity by doing what they call “extraordinary altruism” – a behavior that is rarely recognized by the public and that no one else can do the same for you in return. For example, Christine Breiter howitz and Abigail marsh of Georgetown University are trying to find out why the proportion of kidneys donated to strangers varies so much between states in the United States.

They looked at various factors, including religious beliefs, but the most powerful predictor was median income. Simply put, in states where people have higher incomes, more kidneys are donated. This does not necessarily mean that the rich are more likely to donate their kidneys than the poor. It does show that higher altruism seems to be related to the affluence of the population, but it may be because there is also higher happiness, which in turn allows people to behave more altruistic.

So, with the exception of economics students in the 1990s, the rich seem to do well in research. But it wasn’t until Paul PIFF of the University of California, Berkeley, found that the rich were more proud, arrogant and selfish.

In one study, PIFF asked subjects to give a series of statements measuring power, such as “if I were on the Titanic, I should have boarded the first lifeboat.” Surprisingly, there is support for this comment, and it is often the rich rather than the poor. The rich are also more likely to think that they are never wrong, are good at doing anything, and check their image in the mirror before taking pictures.

In another study, PIFF called together a group of people with different incomes and gave them $10 each, some of them earning as much as $200000 a year. If someone is willing to donate, they can choose how much. It turns out that the poor are more generous!

But remember, these people were rich before they took the PIFF test. Maybe it’s not their wealth that determines their behavior, but their behavior that helps them become rich. Perhaps more cautious about money, coupled with a belief in self expansion, helps them become rich.

What about artificially making someone rich? Will that change them? To find out, PIFF asked people to play monopoly. Tossing a coin at the beginning of the game can make a player get twice as much money as his opponent to start the game, and he can get twice as much money as usual after each round.

Not surprisingly, dominant players often win the game, but PIFF observes the process through a one-way mirror to see what will happen once he becomes an artificial “rich man”. Many people’s voices began to get louder, shouting as they rolled dice, some ate a bowl of pretzels on the table, and then when asked why they won at the end of the game, they boasted about their efforts and made wise decisions. No one mentioned that they had gained an economic advantage from the beginning of the game. So suddenly becoming rich, even temporarily, can make a person more self-centered.

PIFF also spent time hiding at the San Francisco Bay Area crosswalk to see which drivers of cheap and expensive cars were more likely to stop. As a result, the drivers of the luxury cars didn’t do well. All the cheap cars stopped, while only half of the luxury car drivers were polite. However, the study is very small, and the types of cars are just a proxy for wealth. Maybe they are driven by drivers, or purchased in installments by people with low incomes.

In view of this, Stefan Trautmann of Heidelberg tried to avoid these uncertainties by using an authoritative survey of 9000 people, which is conducted four times a year in the Netherlands. He found that people with higher socioeconomic status seem to be more independent and interact less with others. But when they play the financial trust game, the richer participants are not more likely to betray their rivals than the poorer ones.

Research on altruistic behavior seems to be contradictory, so how to provide some hard data about charitable donation? Is Warren Buffett, a billionaire who has promised to give away 99% of his wealth, a rare exception, or does the rich, on average, give a higher percentage of their wages? You can compare the income with the proportion of the income people donate to charity.

Classic research on altruism tends to show that the chart follows the shape of an upward smile, with the poorest and richest people spending a higher proportion of their income on charity, while middle-income people donate less. But this early study tends to exclude people who don’t donate at all – usually very poor people who can’t afford to buy money at all, which may distort the data.

To this end, researchers at Boston College surveyed people with incomes ranging from $10000 to $300000 and found that the proportion of Americans’ income donated to charity is very stable, about 2.3%. But when you look at the top earners, the 2% who make more than $300000, they donate an average of 4.4% of their income. So as a whole, the super rich can claim to be more generous in charitable giving（ However, in foreign countries, charity is often questioned as a means of tax avoidance.)

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