Climate change and extreme weather have a complex impact on disease transmission From eLife

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A report published on eLife in mid February said that temperature fluctuations such as average background temperature and heat wave may have a very different impact on infection rate and disease results. “Climate change is expected to increase not only the average temperature, but also the amplitude of temperature fluctuations and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events,” explained pepijn luijckx, the first author of the study, and William C. Campbell, a lecturer in parasite biology at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland.

Figure 1: three temperature states selected for the experiment

In other words, temperature changes affect pathogens and their hosts in different ways. The change types of these organisms have a great influence on their average background temperature.

As global temperatures rise and extreme weather events become more common, predicting the impact of climate change on host pathogen interactions is becoming more and more difficult.

Sci tech daily pointed out that infectious diseases have a far-reaching ecological impact on human, agricultural and wildlife populations. It is well known that the interaction between pathogens and their hosts is quite sensitive to temperature changes.

However, little is known about sudden and extreme temperature changes and their impact on the overall infection rate and disease consequences.

Figure 2: thermal performance curve of “host parasite” life characteristics

This study mainly studied the effects of different temperatures on the characteristics of host organisms (a small crustacean called Daphnia magna) and its known intestinal parasite odospora colligata.

Parasite transmission is a typical example of environmental transmission, and the research team conducted comparative observation on constant temperature and two variable states – daily fluctuation ± 3 ℃ or three-day heat wave (higher than 6 ℃).

The number of parasites, the number of spores in the environment and the influence of different conditions on the life span of the host were compared in three volumes.

It was found that daily temperature fluctuations reduced parasite infectivity and spore burden compared to maintaining a constant average temperature – meaning they were better able to withstand sudden changes in heat than their hosts, and the infectivity after a heat wave was almost the same as that of parasites in a constant temperature environment.

Figure 3: comparison of reproductive capacity of host / control exposed to parasite environment

In addition, when the ambient temperature is set to a constant 16 ℃, it can be seen that the number of spores in the crustacean host increases after three days of “hot winding”, but decreases at higher temperatures – indicating that the effect of temperature change depends on the average background temperature and whether it is close to the most appropriate temperature for the parasite.

The host adaptability and reproductive success rate of crustaceans exposed to parasitic spores or experiencing variable temperature are usually reduced. The difference in response between the host and the pathogen suggests that in some cases, the parasite can better withstand sudden changes in heat than the host.

Pepijn luijckx concluded that studies have shown that temperature changes change the results of host pathogen interactions in particularly complex ways.

Temperature changes not only affect different host and pathogen shapes in different ways, but also the type of variation and average ambient temperature are important.

This means that changes in climate change patterns, coupled with changes in average temperature caused by global warming, may have a far-reaching and unexpected impact on disease dynamics.

From cnBeta Com read more: University of Exeter, UK: research finds that climate change makes fish stupid “the Lancet” : in 2016, the direct economic losses caused by extreme weather reached 129 billion US dollars. McKinsey: it is estimated that the Asia Pacific will lose 4.7 trillion US dollars in 2050. Drexel University: research shows that money will affect climate change legislation. McMaster University of Canada: researchers believe that smart phones exacerbate global warming. University of California, Berkeley: the study found that global warming leads to lightning London School of hygiene and Tropical Medicine: global warming reduces vegetable harvests JRC: global warming or increases wetland methane emissions by 80% Harvard University: global warming puts people at risk of increased disease and stunting. 2020 was the hottest year on record, equalling the 2016 record in the New England Journal of medicine : global warming causes far more deaths than 250000 people a year. Australian climate research institute: the study found that climate warming will lead to the extinction of coffee beans. NASA: August 2016 became the hottest month in more than 130 years. NOAA: the study shows that global warming has not been interrupted. NOAA increased by 0.116 ℃ every 10 years from 2000 to 2014. NOAA: the problem of global warming has not been alleviated

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