Will quitting smoking make you fat? The culprit of weight gain may be intestinal microorganisms

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Intestinal flora, as the general name of microbial communities living in human intestine, is one of the most interesting research focuses in the fields of Microbiology, medicine, genetics and so on in recent years.

Recent studies have gradually revealed the composition and quantity of intestinal flora, how to enter the human body, how to assist digestion, how to affect intestinal development, and how the imbalance of intestinal flora affects the overall health.

However, the intestinal flora is so huge and the interaction with the human body is so complex that there are still many unsolved problems about the intestinal flora. Many scientists call it another organ of the human body, or even “another you”.

The reason why the intestinal flora is called another you is that it is closely related to human health, and its “joys and sorrows” will even affect all aspects of people.

【1】 Nutrients: eating grapes may increase the diversity of the body’s intestinal biome and help reduce the body’s cholesterol levels

two:10.3390/nu13113965

Grapes can provide rich polyphenols and cellulose for the body. Recently, in a research report published in the international journal nutrients, scientists from the University of California and other institutions found evidence that eating grapes may increase the diversity of intestinal biological communities and help reduce the cholesterol level in the body’s blood.

The study included a 4-week low polyphenol diet, followed by 4-week consumption of 46 grams of grape powder, while continuing a low polyphenol diet. The study found that eating grape powder for 4 weeks significantly improved the diversity of intestinal microbial community, increased beneficial bacteria in gastrointestinal tract, reduced blood cholesterol level and helped to prevent cardiovascular disease.

【2】 Nature: aromatic lactic acid produced by breast milk related bifidobacteria may affect neonatal immunity

doi:10.1038/s141564-021-00970-4

It has long been known that specific intestinal flora called bifidobacteria are common in the intestines of breastfed infants. Although these bifidobacteria are considered beneficial, researchers do not know the reason so far.

Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature microbiology, scientists from the Danish Technical University and other institutions have proved through research that Bifidobacterium species that can utilize breast milk oligosaccharides can produce a large amount of aromatic lactic acid, including indole lactic acid (ILA), in the intestinal tract of infants through a previously unrecognized aromatic lactate dehydrogenase (ALDH), The concentration of this metabolite in feces is related to the ability of infant feces to activate AHR. Further studies have proved that ILA affects the immune function in vitro through AHR and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3-dependent pathway, suggesting that breast milk related bifidobacteria affect the early life immune system through the production of aromatic lactic acid.

Researcher Martin Frederik explained that the laboratory results show that the aromatic lactic acid produced by bifidobacteria in the body’s intestine may affect the activity of immune cells, which is beneficial to the balance of the body’s immune response, which may also be related to the infant’s immune system’s ability to effectively resist infection.

【3】 Nature: reveal the molecular mechanism of IgA antibody regulating the balance between human immune system and intestinal flora

doi:10.1038/s141586-021-03973-7

Intestinal flora plays a key role in digestion and prevention of infection. Recent studies have proved that type A immunoglobulin, referred to as IgA antibody, also plays an important role in fine-tuning the balance between human body and intestinal flora in the human immune system. The study was published in the international journal Nature.

In the research report, scientists from the University of Bern and other institutions found that IgA antibodies can specifically limit the fitness of benign bacteria at multiple levels, which may promote the immune system to better fine tune the microbial balance in the intestine. Now researchers have successfully demonstrated that the immune system can recognize and specifically limit the growth of these bacteria.

Why the immune system can effectively destroy the invasion of pathogens and balance with benign bacteria in the intestine remains to be finally clarified. “However, our experiments show that IgA antibodies can fine tune the balance between human body and intestinal flora.” The study’s co-author, Andrew MacPherson of the Department of biomedical research at the University of Bern and the University of Bern hospital, explained. The discovery is not only based on the basic understanding of the immune system in the intestine, but also can contribute to the development of vaccines. Tim rollenske added: “understanding how and where antibodies recognize microorganisms in the gut will also enable us to develop vaccines against pathogenic organisms on a more targeted basis.”.

【4】 Nature: intestinal microbes may be the culprit of weight gain after quitting smoking

doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04194-8

More than 1 billion people around the world smoke, which is considered to be the main cause of disease, causing more than 6 million deaths every year. Although many people expressed their desire to quit smoking, they did not quit because they were worried that they would often gain a lot of weight after quitting smoking. The reason for this weight gain is unclear because studies have shown that most people don’t eat more after quitting smoking.

In a new study, researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel found that obesity in mice after “quitting smoking” may be caused by weight regulating compounds released by their intestinal microorganisms. The relevant research results were published online in the journal Nature on December 8, 2021. The title of the paper is “gut microbiota modules weight gain in mice after discontinued smoke exposure”.

The researchers found that mice often exposed to cigarette smoke did not gain weight, although they ate a high-fat and high sugar diet. When cigarette smoke exposure was stopped, the mice gained weight rapidly, as often happens when humans quit smoking. However, when the mice were given broad-spectrum antibiotics that depleted their intestinal microbiome, they gained less weight after “quitting smoking” and remained slim for months, regardless of their diet. Obviously, compounds related to smoking, such as nicotine, penetrate into the intestines of “smoking” mice from the blood flow, thus changing their intestinal bacterial composition and thus the metabolism of the body.

【5】 Nature: drugs have a greater impact on the intestinal microbiome than people think

doi:10.1038/s141586-021-04177-9

On December 8, 2021, researchers from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory published a research paper in the international top journal “nature”. The research shows that many commonly used drugs have a stronger impact on intestinal flora than the combined effects of disease, smoking and diet.

The study included 2173 healthy or patients with common chronic diseases from a large cohort. The researchers analyzed the effects of 28 different drugs and several drug combinations, and investigated the relationship between different kinds of common drugs and the abundance and function of intestinal flora and the severity of the disease.

The surprising finding is that there are two commonly used drugs – diuretics and antihypertensive drugs（ β The combination of receptor blockers) is associated with an increase in the number of health promoting bacteria Roseburia. This type of bacteria can break down dietary fiber in plant foods and convert it into butyric acid. The health benefits of butyric acid include reducing inflammation and regulating epigenome.

If taking statins at the same time, patients with cardiovascular disease are also more likely to have a healthier combination of intestinal bacteria. Statins are a common drug that can reduce harmful low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the blood.

In addition, gastric acid drugs were found to be associated with adverse changes in intestinal microbiota. The researchers found that repeated use of antibiotics over the past 5-10 years was associated with reduced diversity of the intestinal microbiome.

The researchers said that many drugs will have a negative impact on the composition and status of intestinal bacteria. The study found that drugs have a greater impact on the human microbiome than disease, diet and smoking combined.

【6】 Immunity: adding specific types of bacteria to the intestinal microbiome may enhance the body’s anti-tumor immunity

doi10.1016/j.immunity. 2021.11.003

In a research report published in the international journal immunity, scientists from the University of Pittsburgh and other institutions found that a common bacterium in the intestinal microbiome of mice may “charge” the immune system to help resist the development of cancer cells in the colon.

The results of this study show that Helicobacter hepaticus may promote the adaptive immune response of the body, promote the selective activation of helper T cells and antibody producing B cells, and cause the shrinkage of colon tumors, so as to prolong the survival time of mice. This groundbreaking study provides strong evidence to support the use of the body’s intestinal flora to treat advanced colon cancer tumors that are resistant to conventional drugs and immunotherapy.

Researcher Professor Timothy hand said that changing the intestinal microbiome may not have to rely on chance to gain therapeutic advantages. Instead of using fecal transplantation and hoping to obtain the correct microbial composition, researchers are now better equipped to develop more effective drug therapies based on molecules produced by beneficial bacteria.

【7】 Cebp: to clarify the mysterious association between intestinal microbiome and invasive prostate cancer

doi:10.1158/1055-9965. EPI-21-0766

In a research report published in the international journal Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & prevention, scientists from Cleveland Clinic and other institutions found for the first time that there was a close association between diet related molecules in the intestine or invasive prostate cancer, Dietary interventions may help reduce an individual’s risk of developing this type of cancer.

The study found that men with elevated levels of a metabolite called phenylacetylglutamine may be nearly 2-3 times more likely to be diagnosed with fatal prostate cancer. This metabolite is produced when microorganisms in the intestine decompose phenylalanine, Phenylalanine is an amino acid in many plant protein sources and animal protein sources, such as meat, beans and so on.

In addition to pagln, the researchers also found that elevated levels of choline and betaine in men’s bodies were directly related to their increased risk of invasive prostate cancer, which are found in such substances as egg yolks and high-fat dairy products.

【8】 Ann rheu dis: new discovery! The occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus is closely related to the changes of intestinal microbiome!

doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220687

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system targets the body tissue. It will cause extensive inflammation and affect the function of multiple organs such as kidney and brain. The gut microbiome is thought to change in SLE patients.

Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Annals of the rheumatic diseases, scientists from Osaka University and other institutions deeply analyzed the mysterious relationship between intestinal microbiome and SLE through research.

In this research report, the researchers extracted the DNA of intestinal microbiome in participants’ fecal samples, and then used next-generation sequencing technology to sequence the macrogenome with shotgun. The researchers found that two streptococci, Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus intermedius, were significantly elevated in the intestinal microbiome of SLE patients.

【9】 Cell Rep: aging and aging may have a significant impact on the intestinal microbiome

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep. 2021.109765

The diversity of intestinal microorganisms will gradually decrease with the increase of the body’s age, but the current research is conducted with fecal samples, which can not represent the whole body’s intestinal tissue. Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Cell reports, scientists from institutions such as the West Dakota Sinai Medical Center found that aging may cause significant changes in the microbiome of human small intestine, which is different from the changes caused by drugs or disease burden.

Researchers have found bacteria called “disruptors” in the small intestine, which increase in levels as the body ages and may become a “problem” for the body’s health. Coliforms are the normal “residents” of the body’s intestines. The researchers found that with age, when these rod-shaped bacteria are too abundant in the small intestine, they will have a negative impact on other microbial communities, just like weeds in the garden.

The researchers also found that with age, bacteria in the small intestine change from aerobic microorganisms to microorganisms that can survive in less oxygen. The researchers hope to conduct in-depth research to explain the reasons.

【10】 Gut microbes: attention! Eating more spinach can reshape the intestinal microbiota and prevent cancer

doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1972756

A new study by Texas A & M Health shows that eating spinach can prevent colon cancer. Now, based on previous work, researchers have a more accurate understanding of how spinach prevents colon cancer. The new study was recently published in the journal gut microbes.

Spinach (SPI) is a dark green leafy vegetable with high chlorophyll content and a variety of other biological activities.

The researchers used a genetic disease model called familial adenomatous polyposis, which causes a variety of non cancerous vegetations (polyps) in the colon of young people. Most people with this disease must surgically remove their colon to prevent hundreds of tumors from growing in the colon as they age. They were then treated with often toxic NSAID to prevent the formation of additional tumors in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. The results of this study suggest that spinach may contribute to cancer prevention in these patients because spinach can delay colectomy and prolong drug treatment.

From: biological Valley read more: Nature: the culprit of weight gain after quitting smoking may lie in the intestinal microbial freedom Research Institute: the international top issue of the 2021 10 City graduate rental report PNAs: people who love to make friends, Easier to live longer NOAA: July 2019 was found to be the hottest month on record. National human resources and social security: the minimum wage standard across the country in 2019 is the highest in Shanghai in China, Caixin Media & BBD: May 2018 Yili consumption upgrading index report (with download) WTW: 2017 global welfare survey report (with download) tuhu car: 2018 online maintenance behavior report of Chinese automobile users yuanzhuo: insight into China’s daily chemical consumer goods industry (with download) Nature: cancer cells carrying the same genome may behave differently! Novel coronavirus pneumonia Cell is a city’s housing cost survey of 60 square meters in the world. It shows that 1/4 has a low power anxiety disorder: Cell: reveals the mechanism of olfactory loss caused by new crown pneumonia.

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