Major breakthroughs in China’s science and technology in 2021
The following is the Major breakthroughs in China’s science and technology in 2021 recommended by recordtrend.com. And this article belongs to the classification: Chinese economy.
2021 has come to an end. The past year has been a year of record highs and full harvest in the scientific and technological community. This year coincided with the Centennial birthday of the Communist Party of China, and China’s scientific and technological circles made a number of important breakthroughs. Quantum computing has made great progress, making China the only country to realize the advantages of quantum computing in the two physical systems; “China’s heavenly eye” officially opened to the world, showing the demeanor of a great power; The successful realization of carbon dioxide synthetic starch provides a new possibility for the future of mankind
This year is a year for scientific and technological workers. They persevere on the road of pursuing scientific truth and constantly refresh the new heights that human beings can reach. The scientific and technological circles will set sail again by the east wind of the times and advance head high towards a more colorful future.
one
Retrieve rice “ancestor” gene
It will help to cultivate better rice varieties
Quickly acclimate allotetraploid wild rice from scratch, give full play to the advantage of polyploidy, recover some excellent genes lost in cultivated rice, and cultivate new rice crops with higher yield and stronger environmental adaptability — this breakthrough made by Li Jiayang’s team and collaborators of the Institute of seed innovation and the Institute of genetics and developmental biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, It was published in the international well-known academic journal Cell on February 4.
Polyploidy is an important mechanism of plant evolution. Today, the cultivated rice we planted has been domesticated for thousands of years, and its agronomic characters have been continuously improved, but at the same time, it has also lost a lot of genetic diversity, resulting in the loss of dominant gene resources. Compared with diploid, allotetraploid wild rice has two more chromosome groups. Allotetraploid wild rice has the advantages of large biomass, inbred hybrid and strong environmental adaptability. However, because of its non domestication characteristics, it can not be directly applied to agricultural production.
Starting from the tetraploid wild rice with better comprehensive performance, Li Jiayang’s team used modern genome editing technology to “repeat” the rice domestication history of thousands to tens of thousands of years in a short time, and avoided the loss of some genes. For the first time, they designed and completed the framework map of rapid de novo domestication of allotetraploid wild rice, which is expected to cultivate high yield A new type of rice crop with strong environmental adaptability. The research team broke through the technical bottlenecks such as genome analysis, efficient genetic transformation and efficient genome editing, annotated a series of domestication genes and important agronomic trait genes in the genome of allotetraploid high stem wild rice, and successfully created the genes with reduced grain falling ability, shorter awn length, lower plant height, longer grain length and thicker stem A variety of genome editing allotetraploid wild rice materials with different shortening of heading time.
two
Chapter nine and Zu Chongzhi
Quantum superiority in two physical systems
The research and development of quantum computers with practical value has always been one of the most important development goals in the field of quantum computing, and it is also the focus of competition among countries at present. In the past year, China has made a number of significant progress in the field of quantum computer research and development.
On February 27, the international authoritative journal scientific progress published the results. A new programmable silicon-based optical quantum computing chip developed by researchers from the University of national defense science and technology, the Academy of Military Sciences, Sun Yat sen University and other institutions has realized the quantum algorithm solution of a variety of graph theory problems, and is expected to be applied in the fields of big data processing in the future.
On May 7, science magazine published the research results of Pan Jianwei’s team from the University of science and technology of China. He successfully developed the quantum computing prototype “zuchong”, manipulated 62 superconducting qubits, and realized a programmable two-dimensional quantum walk on this basis. This achievement lays a technical foundation for the realization of quantum superiority in superconducting quantum systems and the subsequent research of quantum computing with great practical value.
Schematic diagram of two-dimensional superconducting qubit chip. Each orange cross represents a qubit. Source: Pan Jianwei team
At the end of October, pan Jianwei’s team further developed the 66 bit programmable superconducting quantum computing prototype “Zu Chongzhi 2.0”, which realized the advantages of quantum computing in the random line sampling task. The difficulty of the task is 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that of Google “sycamore” in 2019.
At the same time, the upgraded version of “nine chapters 2.0” by Pan Jianwei’s team has also greatly improved its quantum advantages. For the Gaussian Bose sampling problem, the tasks that “nine chapters” could complete in one minute a year ago will take the world’s most powerful supercomputer 100 million years; For the task completed in one minute in “chapter 9.2.0”, the time spent by the supercomputer will increase by 10 billion times. And “Chapter 9 2.0” also has some programmable capabilities.
The emergence of “Chapter 9 2.0” and “Zu Chongzhi 2.0” makes China the only country to realize the advantages of quantum computing in the two physical systems.
three
“Chinese heavenly eye” welcomes global scientists
The application for observation will be solicited at the end of March
Based on the principle of open sky, the 500 meter aperture spherical radio telescope (fast), known as the “eye of China”, a major national science and technology infrastructure, issued an invitation to astronomers all over the world from 0:00 on March 31, 2021 Beijing time to solicit observation applications. All foreign application projects participated in the review. The observation time began in August this year.
China Tianyan is located in dawotang, Pingtang County, Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province. It was completed in 2016. It is the world’s largest single aperture and most sensitive radio telescope with independent intellectual property rights. Like optical telescopes, radio telescopes have higher sensitivity and stronger detection ability with larger aperture and more electromagnetic waves received. Thus, the Chinese celestial eye can monitor the weak radio signals in the universe.
Since it passed the national acceptance and started operation, China’s SkyEye facilities have operated stably and reliably, the number of pulsars has reached more than 500, and major breakthroughs have been made in the research fields of fast radio storms. The development and construction of China’s SkyEye not only reflects China’s independent innovation ability, but also promotes the development of many high-tech fields such as antenna manufacturing technology, microwave electronic technology, parallel robot, large-scale structural engineering, kilometer range high-precision dynamic measurement and so on.
Wu Xiangping, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and director of the fast scientific committee, said that fast is open to the world and demonstrates the concept of full cooperation and the practice of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind.
four
Making a world of – 271 ℃ with liquid helium
Large low temperature refrigeration equipment “made in China”
On April 15, The national major scientific research equipment development project “development of large-scale low-temperature refrigeration system from liquid helium to superfluid helium temperature zone” undertaken by the Institute of physical and chemical technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Institute of physical and chemical technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences) has passed the acceptance and achievement appraisal. The project achievement appraisal expert group believes that the overall technology of the project has reached the international advanced level, which indicates that China has the ability to develop liquid helium temperature (- 269 ℃) kilowatt level and superfluid helium temperature (- 271 ℃) hundred watt level large-scale low-temperature refrigeration equipment.
Liquid helium is an artifact for manufacturing ultra-low temperature. With the rapid development of social economy, China has become a large country using large-scale low-temperature refrigeration equipment. However, due to the lack of large-scale low-temperature refrigeration system, key sub equipment and integrated technology, China’s large-scale low-temperature refrigeration equipment has been monopolized by foreign countries for a long time, with high import dependence.
In December 2015, the Institute of physics and chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences started the development of large-scale cryogenic refrigeration equipment from liquid helium to superfluid helium temperature zone. On the basis of decades of low-temperature technology accumulation, after five years of hard research and adhering to the road of independent innovation, we finally successfully developed a large-scale helium refrigerator with advanced technical indicators.
five
Optical storage time up to 1 hour
An important step towards quantum USB flash disk
In April, Li Chuanfeng and Zhou Zongquan of Guo guangcan’s team at the University of science and technology of China raised the optical storage time to 1 hour, significantly breaking the world record of 1 minute optical storage created by the German team in 2013, and taking an important step towards the realization of quantum USB flash disk. The achievement was published in the authoritative academic journal Nature · communication in late April.
Light has become the basic carrier of modern information transmission. The speed of light is as high as 300000 kilometers per second. Reducing the speed of light and even making light “stay” is the goal of the international academic community. The storage of light is particularly important in the field of quantum communication. By storing photons in the ultra long-lived quantum memory, namely quantum USB flash disk, quantum information can be transmitted by directly transporting the quantum USB flash disk. Considering the speed of aircraft, high-speed rail and other vehicles, the optical storage time of quantum USB flash disk needs to reach the order of hours at least.
Li Chuanfeng and Zhou Zongquan’s research group made their own optical Raman heterodyne detection NMR spectrometer in 2015. Relying on this instrument, they accurately characterized the complete Hamiltonian of the optical transition of europium doped yttrium silicate crystal, and theoretically predicted the energy level structure under the magnetic field with zero first-order Zeeman effect (zefoz).
In the future, relying on more mature quantum USB flash disk, human beings are expected to realize quantum information transmission based on classical means of transportation, so as to establish a new quantum channel.
six
“Artificial sun” sets a new world record
It can repeat 120 million ℃ combustion for 101 seconds
On May 28, good news came from Hefei Institute of material sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The all superconducting tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device (East), known as the “artificial sun”, made a new breakthrough, successfully realized repeatable plasma operation of 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds and 160 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds, created a new world record for the operation of Tokamak experimental device, and took an important step towards the application of nuclear fusion energy.
The light and heat that all things on earth depend on come from the energy released after the solar nuclear fusion reaction. Deuterium, the fuel supporting this fusion reaction, is extremely abundant on earth, enough for human use for tens of billions of years. If deuterium can be used to create an “artificial sun” to generate electricity, mankind is expected to completely realize energy freedom.
However, manufacturing “artificial sun” faces a prominent practical problem: what container is used to carry nuclear fusion? Under the condition of manual control, the ion temperature of the plasma needs to reach more than 100 million ℃. At present, the melting temperature of tungsten, the most heat-resistant metal material on earth, is more than 3000 ℃. This means that it is necessary to build a device that simultaneously carries large current, strong magnetic field, ultra-high temperature, ultra-low temperature, high vacuum, high insulation and other complex environments, which puts forward high requirements for process design and materials.
In order to meet the requirements of the fusion experimental device, the scientists of the East team made independent innovation, independently designed and developed most of the key technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and creatively completed the overall engineering design of the host of the East device. The world’s new generation of all superconducting tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device was first built and officially put into operation in China, providing an experimental research platform for the utilization and development of clean energy in the future.
seven
Earth simulator enabled
See the past, present and future of the earth
On June 23, the national major scientific and technological infrastructure “earth system numerical simulation device” was completed and put into operation in Huairou Science City, Beijing. This is the first earth system simulation large scientific device with independent intellectual property rights successfully developed in China.
The earth system simulation device, also known as the earth simulation laboratory, is a numerical simulation of the earth system, that is, based on the observation data of the earth system, using the laws describing the physical, chemical and life processes and their evolution of the earth system to carry out large-scale scientific calculation on the supercomputer. Scientists can thus reproduce the earth’s past, simulate the earth’s present and predict the earth’s future.
The overall performance of the newly completed earth simulation laboratory is equivalent to the international advanced level. It is the first special earth system numerical simulation device in China with independent intellectual property rights, with the numerical simulation software of each sphere of the earth system as the core, software and hardware collaborative design, and the scale and comprehensive technical level in the forefront of the world. It has the simulation ability of each circle of the earth’s surface layer, and can more comprehensively consider various processes of the earth system. Especially in the most urgent field of climate change response and carbon neutralization, the system can pay all-round attention to the global ecological and biogeochemical processes and their interaction with the climate system, and establish a clear relationship of “ecology temperature carbon dioxide concentration carbon emission” on this basis The prediction of future temperature rise provides strong simulation support and helps to achieve the vision of carbon peak and carbon neutralization. It will also provide a basis for China’s future negotiations in the field of climate and environment and enhance China’s international voice.
eight
“Ice optical fiber” came out
It can bend flexibly and guide light efficiently
On July 9, the results published in the authoritative academic journal Science showed that the team of Professor Tong Limin of the school of Optoelectronic Science and engineering of Zhejiang University, together with the researchers of the cross mechanics center of Zhejiang University and the University of California Berkeley, prepared high-quality ice single crystal micro nano fiber at – 50 ℃. It can bend flexibly and transmit light with low loss, which is similar to glass fiber in performance.
Optical fiber, as a functional structure that restricts and transmits light freely, is one of the most effective tools for light field manipulation. Silicon oxide (quartz sand), the main component of conventional glass optical fiber, is one of the most abundant substances in the earth’s crust. However, in fact, ice or liquid water is more common than quartz sand in the earth and many extraterrestrial stars. Therefore, the preparation of optical fiber with ice has a wide application prospect.
In this study, Tong Limin’s team built a growth device by themselves and improved the existing preparation method of electric field induced ice crystals on the basis of a large number of experiments. In the low-temperature and high-voltage electric field, supplemented by certain humidity conditions, water molecules are driven to move towards the electric field through static electricity to change their disordered motion state, so as to induce single crystal growth. Finally, ice single crystal micro nano fibers with diameters ranging from 800 nm to 10 microns were successfully prepared at – 50 ℃. Moreover, the team also used the newly invented low-temperature micro nano manipulation and transfer technology to make the ice micro nano fiber obtain 10.9% elastic strain at – 150 ℃, which is close to the theoretical elastic limit of ice.
Tong Limin believes that the research results will expand people’s cognitive boundary of ice, stimulate people to carry out research on ice based optical fiber in optical transmission, optical sensing and ice physics, and develop micro and nano scale ice based technology suitable for special environments.
nine
“Shake off” photosynthesis to synthesize starch
Save resources and improve production efficiency at the same time
On September 23, the Chinese Academy of Sciences announced its great achievements. The researchers of Tianjin Institute of industrial biotechnology of the Institute have proposed a subversive starch preparation method, which does not rely on plant photosynthesis, and successfully produces starch with carbon dioxide and hydrogen produced by electrolysis as raw materials, realizing the de novo synthesis of carbon dioxide to starch for the first time in the world, It is possible to transform starch production from traditional agricultural planting mode to industrial workshop production mode. Relevant research results were published online in science on September 24.
Starch is mainly synthesized by green plants by fixing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. In corn and other crops, the conversion of carbon dioxide into starch involves more than 60 steps of metabolic reaction and complex physiological regulation. The theoretical utilization efficiency of solar energy is no more than 2%. The cultivation of crops takes several months, using a large amount of land, fresh water, fertilizer and other resources.
In order to improve the production efficiency, researchers from Tianjin Institute of industrial biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences designed a new approach of unnatural carbon dioxide fixation and artificial synthesis of starch with 11 steps of main reaction from scratch, and realized the total synthesis from carbon dioxide to starch molecules for the first time in the laboratory. The starch synthesis rate of this artificial pathway is 8.5 times that of corn starch. And under the condition of sufficient energy supply, according to the current technical parameters, theoretically, the annual starch output of a 1 cubic meter bioreactor is equivalent to the average annual output of corn planting on 5 mu of land in China.
ten
Proving Keller’s geometric core conjecture
Solve the “outstanding case” in Mathematics for more than 60 years
In early November, Professor Chen Xiuxiong, founding director of the geometric physics center of the University of science and technology of China, and his collaborator Cheng Jingrui achieved milestone results in the field of partial differential equations and complex geometry. He solved a fourth-order completely nonlinear elliptic equation and successfully proved the mandatory conjecture and geodesic stability conjecture, two core conjectures that have been pending in the international mathematical community for more than 60 years, Some famous problems about constant scalar curvature measure and kalabi extremum measure on Keller manifold are solved. Two papers were published in the international famous journal Journal of the American Mathematical Society.
The existence of constant scalar curvature measure on Keller manifold is one of the core problems in geometry in the past 60 years. There are three famous conjectures about its existence – stability conjecture, mandatory conjecture and geodesic stability conjecture. After the work of many famous mathematicians in the past 20 years, the necessity of mandatory conjecture and geodesic stability conjecture has become completely clear, but the proof of its sufficiency was considered to be out of reach before.
The existence of constant scalar curvature measure can be proved by finding the solution of a class of fourth-order completely nonlinear elliptic equations. The work of Chen Xiuxiong and Cheng Jingrui is to prove the existence of solutions of such equations under the assumption of k-energy coercion or geodesic stability. They not only solved the equation, but also established a set of methods to systematically study this kind of equation, which provides a new tool for exploring the unknown mathematical world. In addition, they also give the proof of the stability conjecture on ring symmetric Keller manifolds, extend Donaldson’s classical theorem on ring symmetric Keller surfaces to high dimensions, and put forward possible solutions to the proof of the general stability conjecture, making the complete solution of the general stability conjecture possible.
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