Top ten emerging technologies in 2021 From World Economic Forum

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The report on top ten emerging technologies in the tenth anniversary edition of the world economic forum lists new technologies that are ready to go and will affect the world in the next three to five years;

Experts from the world economic forum and Scientific American pointed out technological progress that could completely change the face of agriculture, health and space;

Self fertilizing crops, on-demand drugs, respiratory sensing diagnosis and 3D printing houses are all on the list of the technology.

At the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference, countries committed themselves to achieving ambitious new goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions within this decade. The implementation of these commitments will depend on the development of green technology and the expansion of its application scale.

Two such technologies – the production of “green” ammonia and engineering crops that can produce their own fertilizer – are designed to help agriculture achieve more sustainable development and are included in this year’s list of emerging technologies.

Top ten emerging technologies

From respiratory sensors that can diagnose diseases to wireless charging of low-power devices, this year’s list of top emerging technologies is full of exciting technological developments related to environment, health, infrastructure and connectivity. From dozens of nominations, experts selected a group of new technologies that could subvert the status quo and stimulate real progress.

Here are the top ten emerging technologies in 2021.

The rise of decarbonization

A century has passed since scientists proposed that excessive carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere will lead to heat retention and global warming. During this period, the world is trying to promote decarbonization in all aspects of daily life. Governments and industries have made groundbreaking commitments to reduce carbon emissions.

In the next three to five years, fulfilling these commitments will require unprecedented technological innovation and expanding the application scale of emerging technologies to the level of industrial production, such as large-scale energy storage, low / non-carbon chemical sources, revitalizing railway transportation, carbon storage, low-carbon agriculture, zero emission vehicles and power sources, and globally agreed compliance monitoring.

Crops that make their own fertilizer

Today, the world uses more than 110 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer every year to increase crop yield. What if crops can capture nitrogen by themselves and “fix” it in the form of ammonia like legumes such as soybeans and soybeans? As one of the most important emerging technologies, researchers now aim to make other crops, such as corn and other grains, self fertilize.

For example, researchers are trying to simulate the symbiotic molecular communication between beans and bacteria to create root nodules, the natural fertilizer factory of beans. Another way is to make soil bacteria usually colonized in the roots of grain (but usually do not produce root nodules) learn to produce nitrilase, a key component that converts nitrogen in the atmosphere into ammonia compatible with plants.

Blow to diagnose disease

Soon, for patients, testing for disease may be as simple as exhaling. The new respiratory sensor can diagnose diseases by sampling the concentration of more than 800 compounds contained in human respiration. For example, the increase in acetone in human breath indicates that the patient is suffering from diabetes. These sensors sense changes in resistance as respiratory compounds flow through metal oxide semiconductors. The algorithm then analyzes the sensor data.

Novel coronavirus pneumonia technology is still needed to be improved before it is popularized. In a study conducted in Wuhan, China in March 2020, the sensor achieved an astonishing 95% accuracy in detecting new crown pneumonia virus and showed a 100% sensitivity in identifying patients.

Produce drugs on demand

Today’s drugs are usually produced in large quantities. The whole production process consists of multiple steps, and different process parts are distributed all over the world. This process may take several months to complete and involve hundreds of tons of materials, which will pose some challenges to production consistency and reliable supply. Now, the progress of microfluidic technology and on-demand pharmacy enables a small number of general drugs to be produced on demand, and this technology will cover more and more drugs.

This process moves the material into a small reaction chamber through a pipe, also known as continuous flow manufacturing. In remote areas or field hospitals, these drugs can be manufactured by portable machines and the dose can be customized for each patient. Another challenge to be solved is to reduce the high cost of this emerging technology.

Electric energy from wireless signal

The Internet of things (IOT) is composed of billions of electronic devices. Some functions of these electronic devices make use of the connectivity of the Internet. IOT sensors can report data that is crucial to our daily life. They are usually very low-power devices, but it is difficult to keep them charged because the battery life is limited and it is often difficult to touch once configured.

With the emergence of 5g, wireless signals with sufficient power can now be provided, and tiny antennas in IOT sensors can “collect” electric energy from these signals. Early forms of this emerging technology have long been used in automatic “tags”, which are powered by radio signals sent by drivers as they pass through toll stations.

Design to extend “healthy span”

The World Health Organization predicts that from 2015 to 2050, the proportion of the global population aged 60 and over will nearly double, from 12% to 22%. Aging is associated with acute and chronic diseases, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, dementia and heart disease.

Researchers have initially shown an understanding of the molecular mechanism of aging, which can not only help us live longer, but also healthier. Using holographic technology (for example, it can simultaneously quantify all gene activities or the concentration of all proteins in cells) and insight from epigenetics, researchers can identify biomarkers that can effectively predict disease, which provides direction and goal for active treatment.

Ammonia trend greening

In order to meet the world’s food needs, it is usually necessary to apply fertilizer produced by ammonia to crops – and a large amount of ammonia. Ammonia for synthetic fertilizer involves an energy intensive process called the habobsch process, which requires a large supply of hydrogen. Today, most hydrogen is produced by electrolysis (splitting water molecules with electricity) or by high-temperature cracking of hydrocarbons. The energy required to drive these two methods currently leads to a large number of greenhouse gas emissions.

With renewable energy now becoming common, a “green” hydrogen variant is being created that does not release greenhouse gases. In addition to eliminating excess carbon in the atmosphere, green hydrogen does not use polluting chemicals. If fossil fuels are used as energy, these chemicals will be included. This purity can achieve more effective catalysis to promote ammonia production.

Biomarker devices go wireless

No one likes needles. However, many common acute and chronic diseases require frequent or more blood sampling to monitor biomarkers that are important for tracking progress in cancer treatment, diabetes and other diseases. The progress of low-power wireless communication and the new chemical sensing technology using optical and electronic probes are promoting the continuous non-invasive monitoring of key medical information.

More than 100 companies have deployed or are developing wireless biomarker sensing devices for various scenarios, focusing on diabetes mellitus (diabetes is very popular around the world). Wireless connectivity ensures that data is immediately available, and telemedicine professionals can intervene in real time if needed.

Houses printed with local materials

In the United States and other developed countries, building houses with large-scale 3D printers has been promoted to a limited extent. In developing countries, the transportation of materials has become a challenge due to limited infrastructure. The recent practice of using 3D printers has made a great leap forward, that is, printing buildings with locally purchased materials, clay, sand and local fibers – which solves about 95% of the material problems that need to be transported to construction sites.

This emerging technology can build strong shelters in remote areas where housing needs are urgent and there is no viable transportation network. For countries that are often left behind, this result may change industry rules.

Space connects the world

Sensors in the Internet of things (IOT) can record and report important information about weather, soil conditions, humidity, crop health, social activities and countless other valuable data sets. Recently, with the emergence of countless low-cost microsatellites in low earth orbit, which can capture these data globally and download them to central facilities for processing, the Internet of things will have an unprecedented understanding of the global situation – including developing regions that previously could not achieve network access and did not have traditional Internet infrastructure.

Problems such as low power of secure data link and short service life of low earth orbit satellites still exist, but according to the current stable progress, it is expected to be implemented globally in the next three to five years.

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