In 2020, China’s innovation index increased by 6.4% From National Bureau of Statistics

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According to the calculation of the research group on China’s innovation index [1], the innovation index of China will reach 242.6 in 2020 (100 in 2005), an increase of 6.4% over the previous year. By field, the innovation environment index, innovation input index, innovation output index and innovation effectiveness index reached 266.3, 209.7, 319.8 and 174.7 respectively, an increase of 6.3%, 5.4%, 8.5% and 3.8% respectively over the previous year. The calculation results show that in 2020, China’s innovation ability and level will continue to improve, the innovation environment will continue to be optimized, the innovation input will continue to increase, the innovation output will grow rapidly, and the innovation results will be further demonstrated.

（1） Innovation environment index. In 2020, China’s innovation environment index was 266.3, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year. The five evaluation index indexes in this field increased four times and decreased one time. Among them, the index of the number of people with college degree or above in the labor force, the index of the proportion of science and engineering graduates in the school-age population, and the index of the proportion of enterprises enjoying tax exemption and deduction all achieved double-digit growth, with growth rates of 14.3%, 13.1% and 12.4% respectively; Per capita GDP index increased by 2.2%; The proportion index of science and technology allocation in financial allocation decreased by 8.4%.

（2） Innovation input index. In 2020, the innovation investment index was 209.7, an increase of 5.4% over the previous year. The six evaluation indexes in this field have increased in varying degrees. Among them, the full-time equivalent index of R & D personnel per 10000 people and the proportion of R & D funds in GDP have increased rapidly, with the growth rates of 8.9% and 7.2% respectively; The proportion index of enterprises with R & D institutions, the proportion index of enterprise R & D funds in main business income and the proportion index of enterprises carrying out industry university research cooperation increased by 6.9%, 4.9% and 3.8% respectively; The per capita funding index for basic researchers increased by 0.9%.

（3） Innovation output index. In 2020, the innovation output index was 319.8, an increase of 8.5% over the previous year. The five evaluation index indexes in this field increased four times and decreased one time. Among them, the patent authorization index per 10000 R & D personnel, the technology market turnover index per 10000 scientific and technological activity personnel and the trademark ownership index per 100 enterprises all achieved double-digit growth, with growth rates of 24.6%, 19.1% and 17.6% respectively; The number of scientific and technological papers per 10000 people increased by 0.1%; The proportion index of invention patent authorization in patent authorization decreased by 13.8%.

（4） Innovation effectiveness index. In 2020, the innovation effectiveness index was 174.7, an increase of 3.8% over the previous year. The five evaluation indexes in this field have increased in varying degrees. Among them, the proportion of new product sales revenue in main business revenue has increased rapidly, with a growth rate of 9.9%; The per capita main business income index and the proportion index of the export of high-tech products in the export of goods increased by 5.9% and 2.5% respectively; The contribution rate index of scientific and technological progress and energy consumption index per unit GDP increased by 0.8% and 0.2% respectively.

Figure China’s innovation index and sub field index from 2005 to 2020

Note: [1] due to the revision of historical data of relevant indicators after the Seventh National Census and the revision of historical data of GDP and other indicators according to the routine statistical system, the historical calculation results of China’s innovation index are adjusted accordingly.

enclosure:

China’s innovation index system and index compilation method

I. China’s innovation index system

China’s innovation index system is divided into three levels. The first level is used to reflect the overall development of innovation in China, which is realized by calculating the total innovation index; The second level is used to reflect China’s development in the four fields of innovation environment, innovation input, innovation output and innovation effectiveness, which is realized by calculating the sub field index; The third level is used to reflect the specific development of all aspects of innovation capability, which is realized through 21 evaluation indicators selected from the above four fields (see the attached table for the index system framework). The four areas and 21 evaluation indicators are briefly described as follows:

(I) innovation environment

This field mainly reflects the support of human, financial and other basic conditions necessary to drive the development of innovation ability, as well as the guidance and support of policy environment for innovation, with a total of 5 evaluation indicators.

1. Number of people with college degree or above in the labor force

This index is used to reflect the comprehensive quality of China’s labor force. The labor force refers to the population aged 16 and above who are able to work and participate in or require to participate in social and economic activities. In 2015 and before, the index name is the number of economically active population with college degree or above.

2. Per capita GDP

It refers to the average gross domestic product (GDP, constant price) by population. This is the most representative indicator of a country’s economic strength and can reflect the interdependent and mutually reinforcing relationship between economic growth and the development of innovation capacity.

3. Proportion of science and engineering graduates in school-age population

This indicator reflects the situation of potential innovative human resources in China. Science and engineering graduates refer to the number of science, industry, agriculture and medicine graduates with bachelor degree or above, and the school-age population refers to the population aged 20-34 in China.

4. Proportion of science and technology allocation in financial allocation

The government’s financial allocation for science and technology plays a driving and guiding role in the development of innovation investment and innovation activities of the whole society. This index reflects the direct investment of the government in innovation and the planning and guiding role in key, key and frontier fields.

5. Proportion of enterprises enjoying tax deduction and exemption

The policy of pre tax addition and deduction of enterprise R & D expenses is considered to be one of the most direct and favorable support policies to encourage enterprises to increase R & D investment and carry out innovation activities. This indicator can reflect the implementation of relevant government policies, and then reflect the enterprise innovation environment from one side. Limited by the data source, the data caliber of this index is large and medium-sized industrial enterprises.

(II) innovation investment

This field reflects the role and relationship of various subjects in the national innovation system through the human and financial investment of innovation, the construction of departments (i.e. R & D institutions) that play a key role in enterprise innovation subjects, and the cooperation of innovation subjects. Since R & D is the most important link to realize innovation, R & D investment indicators are used here to reflect innovation investment. There are six evaluation indicators in this field.

1. Full time equivalent of R & D personnel per 10000 people

It refers to the full-time equivalent of R & D personnel calculated according to the average of all permanent residents. This index reflects the investment scale and intensity of independent innovation manpower. R & D personnel include R & D personnel of enterprises, scientific research institutions and colleges and universities. They are the joint force of R & D human investment of various innovative subjects in the whole society. The full-time equivalent of R & D personnel refers to the R & D personnel calculated according to the workload.

2. Proportion of R & D expenditure in GDP

This index, also known as R & D investment intensity, is a core index commonly used internationally and reflecting the level of national or regional science and technology investment. It is also an important evaluation index in the development planning related to China’s scientific and technological innovation.

3. Per capita funding for basic researchers

It refers to the basic research funds averaged according to the full-time equivalent of basic researchers. Basic research is the foundation of science and technology development, and its level can represent a country’s original innovation ability to a certain extent. This indicator system uses this indicator to reflect the national efforts to strengthen the original innovation capacity.

4. Proportion of enterprise R & D expenditure in main business income

Enterprises are the main body of innovation activities, and industrial enterprises play a leading role in enterprise innovation activities. This index reflects the investment intensity of the main body of innovation activities. Limited by the data source, the data caliber of this index is large and medium-sized industrial enterprises with R & D activities.

5. Proportion of enterprises with R & D institutions

R & D institutions run by enterprises are specialized institutions for enterprises to carry out R & D activities and an important guarantee for enterprises to carry out continuous and stable innovation activities. This indicator reflects the ability of enterprises to continuously carry out innovation activities from one side. Limited by the data source, the data caliber of this index is large and medium-sized industrial enterprises.

6. Proportion of enterprises carrying out industry university research cooperation

This indicator is an important indicator of industry university research cooperation. This index system reflects the cooperation among innovation subjects in China through industry university research cooperation. Limited by the data source, the data caliber of this index is large and medium-sized industrial enterprises.

(III) innovation output

In this field, the market turnover of papers, patents, trademarks and technologies reflects the intermediate output results of innovation. There are five evaluation indicators in this field.

1. Number of scientific and technological papers per 10000 people

Scientific and technological papers refer to the academic papers produced by scientific and technological projects approved by enterprises and institutions and published in journals with regular serial numbers. They are one of the important forms of intermediate output of innovation activities. This indicator reflects the output level and efficiency of R & D activities.

2. Number of patents granted per 10000 R & D personnel

It refers to the average number of patents authorized according to the full-time equivalent of R & D personnel. The number of patent authorizations in this index system refers to the number of domestic patent authorizations. The number of patent authorizations is another important form of intermediate output of innovation activities. This indicator is also an important indicator to reflect the output level and efficiency of R & D activities.

3. Proportion of invention patent authorization in patent authorization

Invention patents have the highest technical content among the three patents, which can not only reflect the level of patents, but also reflect the market value and competitiveness of R & D achievements. The number of invention patents authorized in this index system refers to the number of domestic invention patents authorized. This index is an important index to reflect the quality of patents.

4. Trademark ownership per 100 enterprises

Trademark ownership refers to the number of trademarks owned by the enterprise as the first trademark registrant and approved and registered by trademark administrative departments at home and abroad and within the period of validity. This index reflects the ownership of independent brands and the management ability of independent brands to a certain extent. Limited by the data source, the data caliber of this index is large and medium-sized industrial enterprises.

5. Technology market turnover per 10000 science and technology activists

It refers to the average technology market turnover per 10000 scientific and technological activity personnel. This indicator reflects the overall scale of technology transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Technology market turnover refers to the total amount of contract projects in the national technology market.

(IV) innovation results

This field reflects the impact of innovation on economic and social development through product structure adjustment, industrial international competitiveness, energy conservation and economic growth. There are five evaluation indicators in this field.

1. Proportion of new product sales revenue in main business revenue

The sales revenue of new products is an indicator to reflect the innovation achievements of enterprises, that is, the successful introduction of new products to the market. This index is used to reflect the effect of innovation on product structure adjustment. Limited by the data source, the data caliber of this index is large and medium-sized industrial enterprises.

2. Proportion of exports of high-tech products in exports of goods

There is an interactive relationship between high-tech industry and innovation. This index reflects the impact of innovation on the international competitiveness of industries through the changes in the export of high-tech products.

3. Energy consumption per unit GDP

It refers to the energy consumed in standard coal per 10000 yuan of GDP (constant price). Energy conservation is one of the purposes of enterprise technological innovation. Innovation is the way and guarantee of energy conservation and plays a decisive role in energy conservation. This indicator reflects the effect of innovation on reducing energy consumption.

4. Per capita main business income

It refers to the ratio of the main business income of an industrial enterprise to the average number of workers in a certain period of time to reflect the production efficiency. Innovation is an important factor affecting production efficiency. Improving production efficiency is one of the purposes of enterprise innovation. This indicator reflects the promotion of innovation on industrial economic development, and the data caliber is industrial enterprises above designated size.

5. Contribution rate of scientific and technological progress

It refers to the contribution share of technological progress to economic growth in a broad sense, that is, the contribution of other factors other than capital and labor to economic growth. The index data comes from the calculation results of the evaluation of the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress carried out by relevant departments. It is a comprehensive index to measure the competitive strength of science and technology and the transformation of science and technology into real productivity. In this index system, the average level of the reporting period and the previous four years is used to reflect the promotion effect of innovation on national economic development.

II. Compilation method of China’s innovation index

(I) determination of index weight

On the basis of comparing the advantages and disadvantages of weighting methods at home and abroad, this topic adopts the “step-by-step equal weight method” to distribute the weight, that is, the weight in each field is 1 / 4; In a certain field, the weight of indicators to the field is 1 / N (n is the number of indicators in the field); Therefore, the final weight of the index is 1 / 4N. See the attached table for the weight of each indicator.

(II) calculation index growth rate

Generally, the growth rate or development speed of indicators is compared based on the index value of the base year. In an index system, if the growth rate of each index is calculated according to the usual method and weighted average is carried out, the growth rate of some indicators may be too high (or too low), which will cause incompatibility between the growth rates of indicators (that is, the role of some indicators with too high or too low growth rate masks the role of other indicators), resulting in the distortion of the whole index system. Therefore, the method of controlling the growth range of each index in the index system must be adopted. A better method is to set the benchmark value of the index growth rate as the two-year average value of the index, so that the calculated growth rate range of each index can be controlled within the range of [- 200200].

In this indicator system, except that “energy consumption per unit GDP” is an inverse indicator, the other 20 indicators are positive indicators. The inverse index takes the reciprocal and then calculates the index growth rate.

The growth rate of each index in adjacent years is calculated as follows:

(when calculating the fixed base development speed of an indicator in the indicator system, if this method is adopted, the result is consistent with the usual method, that is, the fixed base development speed of the indicator in the current year is equal to the product of the fixed base development speed of the indicator in the previous year and the development speed of the current year divided by 100, and the fixed base development speed of the current year is equal to the value of the indicator in the current year multiplied by 100 and the ratio of the base period value.

This is due to:

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More reading: WIPO: China ranked 12th in the global innovation index in 2021, surpassing Japan. WIPO: China rose to 14th in the global innovation index in 2019. Bloomberg: the United States fell out of the top 10 for the first time in 2018. China Academy of science and technology development strategy: China’s innovation index rose to 17th in the world in 2017, and China’s global innovation index rose to 22 in 2017 World Intellectual Property Organization: China ranked among the top 25 innovators in the world for the first time in the global innovation index in 2016 Bloomberg: China’s innovation index rose to 22nd in 2016. China Academy of science and technology development strategy: China’s innovation index ranked 19th in the world in 2013. National Bureau of Statistics: China completed fixed asset investment (excluding farmers) from January to October 2019 51088 billion yuan, with a year-on-year increase of 5.2%. National Bureau of Statistics: in 2016, China’s R & D investment reached 1567.67 billion yuan, with a year-on-year increase of 10.6%. National Bureau of Statistics: China’s real estate development investment increased by 8.9% in nominal terms from January to February 2017. National Bureau of Statistics: China’s consumer goods market from January to February 2013. National Bureau of Statistics: China’s fixed asset investment increased by 5.2% from January to November 2019. National Bureau of Statistics: 2021 From January to April, China’s fixed asset investment (excluding farmers) increased by 19.9%. National Bureau of Statistics: China’s official non manufacturing PMI rose to 56.1 in December 2012

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