Special report on database in 2022 From Southwest Securities

The following is the Special report on database in 2022 From Southwest Securities recommended by recordtrend.com. And this article belongs to the classification: Brokerage Report.

1 database — the cornerstone product in the information age

1.1 introduction to database

Database: a database is a warehouse that organizes, stores and manages data according to a specific data structure through a data management system (DBMS). Through the database, the unified maintenance, sharing and utilization of data can be achieved, so as to ensure the integrity, consistency and security of data.

Database management system: database management system is a computer software system for database operation and management. It generally has basic functions such as storage, interception, security, backup and so on. Database management system is the core component of database system, which realizes the creation of database objects, the query, addition, modification and deletion of database stored data, as well as the user management and authority management of database.

Database system: a data processing system composed of a database and its management software. It is also a software system that provides data for the actual running storage, maintenance and application system. It is the collection of storage medium, processing object and management system. It is generally composed of database, database management system (DBMS), application system, database administrator and user. DBMS is the foundation and core of database system.

1.2 classification of database

Classification by data structure

Relational database: also known as SQL database, a database that uses a simple binary relational model to organize data. In relational database, data is stored in the form of rows and columns for users to understand. A series of rows and columns are called tables. Almost all data operations are based on one or more relational tables. The database management is realized by classifying, merging, connecting or selecting these associated tables. At present, the popular databases such as Oracle and MySQL are relational databases.

Non relational database: also known as NoSQL database, which means that it will not be limited to the traditional SQL binary mode, but expand more widely. It is an effective supplement to the traditional relational database. According to the specific storage mode, non relational database can be further divided into key value storage database, column storage database, document oriented database and graphic database.

Classification by application type

OLTP: (on-line transaction processing, operational database, also known as online transaction processing) mainly focuses on real-time data in a period of time. The basic feature is that the received user data can be immediately transmitted to the computing center for processing, and the processing results are given in a very short time. It is one of the ways to respond quickly to user operations. With the production of a large number of business data in enterprise information system, the demand of extracting useful information for enterprise decision analysis from different types of data is becoming more and more obvious. Analytical database technology is developed under this background.

OLAP: (on-line analysis processing, analytical database, also known as online analytical processing) is mainly used to analyze the regular trend of long-term data, which is mostly used for decision-making. The advantage of operational database lies in the processing of online real-time business, while analytical database is good at complex analysis and operation and provides support for decision-making. They have different emphases, so they can complement each other.

Development history and trend of database

Three stages of database development

The first enterprise database product was born in the 1960s. In the process of more than 60 years of development, the database has experienced three stages: pre relational, relational and post relational.

The data model of pre relational stage database is mainly based on mesh model and hierarchical model, and the representative products are IDs and IMS. This kind of products solved the problem of centralized data storage and sharing at that time, but there are obvious deficiencies in the degree of data abstraction and independence.

In the relational stage, e.f.codd, a researcher from IBM, put forward the concept of relational model and discussed the paradigm theory as the opening sign. During this stage, a batch of widely used relational databases represented by DB2, Sybase, Oracle, SQL server, MySQL and PostgreSQL were born. In this stage, the technical context was gradually clear and the market pattern tended to be stable.

Google’s three papers described the post opening relational database stage. In this stage, due to the explosive growth of data scale, the continuous enrichment of data types and the deepening of data application, the technical route presents diversified development. With the deepening of digital transformation in various industries and the rapid development of emerging technologies such as 5g and cloud computing, the application systems of traditional databases have been optimized and upgraded one after another. The global market pattern has changed dramatically, and China’s database industry has entered a period of major development opportunities.

Future development trend of database industry

Trend 1: dbaas

With the expansion of enterprise business scale and the promotion of digital transformation, it also puts forward new requirements for database system: the traditional construction mode has a long project cycle and is difficult to match the business progress; Enterprises deploy multiple sets of database systems and lack a unified management platform; Resource procurement and system planning are built according to the existing scale, which is difficult to scale flexibly with the change of business. In view of these situations, the dbaas (database as a service) model that provides it basic resources to the database in a service-oriented manner and solves cost and response problems with multi tenancy and dynamic adjustment will be further promoted. Some large enterprises with high requirements for data autonomy and security can choose to cloud transform the database in the form of private cloud or proprietary cloud. (report source: future think tank)

Trend 2: HTAP

HTAP solves the scalability problem of storage and concurrent processing in the face of massive database, and realizes online high concurrent OLTP and OLAP massive data analysis.

Low cost, low-level data can be copied quickly, and meet the real-time update of high concurrency at the same time.

Block continuous storage, row storage of frequently modified hot data, and column storage of cold data to be queried and analyzed. Large scale multi-level parallel processing capability MPP, with shared architecture cluster and linear expansion capability.

Resource isolation: provide AP and TP resource chain isolation mechanism to avoid mutual influence.

Trend 3: open source

From the perspective of industrial development, the open source model not only improves the “efficiency” of database product development (avoiding repeated development of basic programs), but also contributes to the technical “innovation” of products (accelerating the birth of inspiration). Although on the surface, enterprises can not obtain direct benefits by deploying open source, in this process, they can layout the ecological construction of products (including talent training, market education, practice feedback, etc.), so as to obtain a favorable strategic position for themselves. At the turning point of the development of mobile Internet to industrial Internet, the open source model is not the breaking edge for cloud manufacturers, traditional manufacturers and emerging manufacturers to expand the market.

2. The database market is growing rapidly and there is a large space for domestic substitution

2.1 global database market size – overall size

The global database has entered a period of rapid development. The global database market reached US $58.4 billion in 2019 and US $66.5 billion in 2020 driven by business management informatization and office automation. With the explosive growth of data in the future, it is expected that the global big data reserves will reach 175zb in 2025 and 223zb in 2026. The data explosion will certainly promote the steady development of the global database industry. The market scale of the global database industry is expected to exceed US $200 billion in 2026. It is expected that the database market will maintain a compound growth rate of about 21% in the next five years.

Relational databases are popular and the market concentration is high. There are many participants in the database market, but the market share is relatively concentrated. In 2020, Microsoft, Oracle, AWS and IBM accounted for more than 5% of the global database market, with market shares of 25%, 24%, 20% and 7% respectively, and a total market share of nearly 80%.

2.2 China’s database market size – overall size

In the next five years, China’s database market has a huge space. According to the calculation of China Academy of communications and communications, the global database market in 2020 will be US $67.1 billion, and the Chinese database market will be US $3.5 billion, about 24.1 billion yuan, accounting for 5.2% of the global market. It is estimated that in 2025, the global database market will reach 192 billion US dollars, of which the scale of China’s database market will reach 68.8 billion yuan, with an annual compound growth rate of 23.4% during the forecast period.

Relational database is still the main product, and non relational database has a good momentum of development. As of June 2021, there are 134 types of database products in China, including 81 relational databases and 54 non relational databases, accounting for 60% and 40% of the total respectively. The distribution of database products in China is dominated by relational databases, supplemented by non relational and hybrid databases. Among non relational databases, there are 5 key value databases, 3 column storage databases, 4 document databases, 13 figure databases and 1 full-text retrieval database, accounting for 9.3%, 5.6%, 7.4%, 24.1% and 1.9% respectively.

2.3 global database competition landscape – overall situation

In the global database market, Oracle, IBM and Microsoft are the three leading manufacturers of traditional databases, and cloud database manufacturers have broad prospects. Oracle was once the largest database manufacturer in the world with a market share of more than 40%. However, with the continuous development of open source and distributed databases, the status of traditional databases has been impacted. In 2018, the global database market was US $49.3 billion, with a year-on-year increase of 18.4%, of which the cloud database market was US $11.1 billion, accounting for 22.6% of the global database market. In this context, cloud database manufacturers led by AWS are developing rapidly. In 2018, Oracle ranked first, Microsoft ranked second, and AWS ranked the top three for the first time. Among them, Chinese cloud database manufacturers also performed well. Alibaba ranked ninth, Huawei ranked 11th and Tencent ranked 13th. In the global database market, with the rapid development of cloud computing, the competition pattern is being reshaped, and excellent manufacturers have the opportunity to overtake on corners.

2.4 China’s database competition pattern – overall situation

The market share of domestic database manufacturers has increased year by year. Driven by the policy, domestic enterprises have successively carried out database localization substitution. In addition, the technology of domestic database manufacturers is becoming more and more mature, which promotes the market share of domestic database manufacturers to increase gradually. In the camp of domestic traditional databases, Wuhan Dameng, Jincang of the National People’s Congress, Nanjing University General Motors and Shenzhou general motors are industry representatives, which have good performance in the field of party, government and army. At the same time, they also expand rapidly to energy, power, telecommunications, transportation, finance and other industries. In addition to traditional databases, start-ups, cloud manufacturers, ICT manufacturers and other manufacturers are also in a period of rapid growth. In contrast, although foreign database manufacturers still occupy a high market share, their market share is gradually being eroded by domestic database manufacturers.

China’s public cloud database has grown rapidly in the past three years, and there is a certain penetration space in the future. The market share of China’s public cloud deployment mode database has increased year by year, accounting for 32.7% in 2020. It is expected that the public cloud market share will reach 47.2% in 2025. The growth rate of public cloud will slow down slightly in the future, but the development space is still broad. At this stage, cloud database is mainly used in the Internet industry and traditional industry scenarios. With the continuous innovation of future manufacturers, cloud database will be applied to more industries, further promoting the development of cloud database.

3 thinking and consideration factors of database industry

3.1 thinking of database industry – why is it difficult to go to IOE?

What is IOE? I is a minicomputer represented by IBM P series, the operating system is AIX, O is a database represented by Oracle, and E is a medium and high-end centralized storage represented by EMC. The biggest feature of IOE is to concentrate all data in a single database and expand it relying on high-end equipment to enhance processing capacity. The way to enhance its expansibility is to expand upward, and improve the computing power by increasing the memory capacity, disk specification, CPU number and other ways, which has a great cost in the era of big data.

The meaning of “de IOE”: (1) “de I” refers to the removal of Minicomputer equipment and centralized technical architecture, and the use of X86 platform and distributed architecture; (2) “De o” refers to removing the commercial database represented by Oracle and replacing it with the open source database represented by MySQL; (3) “Go to e” means that the centralized storage represented by EMC Eason is no longer used, and x86 server local storage or open general storage is used instead. Compared with the traditional IOE database architecture, de IOE can greatly save the cost of commercial licensing, and the power consumption of x86 architecture PC server is less than that of minicomputers, which is conducive to energy conservation and emission reduction. The biggest change of de IOE is from the original centralized to distributed, which greatly improves the stability of the database platform, makes the deployment more flexible, and large-scale promotion can significantly reduce the operation and maintenance cost.

The trend of “going to IOE”: at present, the problem of information security has risen to the height of national security. If the country’s confidential data, strategic resources, business sensitive data and other information can be seen through foreign software, the interests and status of the country will be seriously affected. Therefore, it is imperative to establish an independent and controllable information security system. The procurement of information products and equipment should try to purchase domestic software and equipment. The fermentation of prism gate has attracted widespread attention to information security. In addition, domestic IT manufacturers urgently need to break the monopoly of foreign IT giants to obtain their own market space. Since this year, the “de IOE” and localization substitution of IT systems have entered an accelerated period. “De IOE” is not simply abandoning foreign equipment, but giving priority to domestic equipment and services under the same replaceable conditions, so as to promote the development of domestic IT industry.

Why is it difficult to go to IOE?

1. The cost is not low. The cost of going to IOE is not lower than that of purchasing expensive IOE 2 The biggest difference between the Internet and banks in it construction is not the technical capacity and the number of talents, but the time point and demand of starting construction. When banks began to carry out it construction, they had money, accurate business needs and slow changes in business forms. At that time, there were few mainframe and Oracle databases on the market. When Internet enterprises start it construction, they have no money, no accurate business needs, and the business form changes rapidly. At that time, there were many products on the market, so we chose open source products for secondary development. 3. IOE symbolizes stability and risk aversion. No one is willing to take responsibility for such a big adjustment. 4. Various interests behind software and hardware procurement. 5. Lack of technical personnel. Talents who are proficient in the business system and non IOE technology of state-owned enterprises are scarce in state-owned enterprises and banks. 6. The strength of domestic products has yet to be tested. It involves data confidentiality and dare not reuse bat products.

3.2 thinking of database industry — why is Oracle so successful?

(1) Oracle has the first mover advantage and strong customer stickiness

Secret of success: Oracle started early and has occupied the leading position of database for many years. Oracle database was the first enterprise to discover Oracle database in 1978. In the following ten years, other manufacturers successively launched their first database products. Due to its early start, Oracle has gained a lot of time to optimize products and seize market share. According to Gartner, as early as 2004, Oracle had occupied 48.9% of the global database market with us $6.234 billion. The second place IBM is only half of Oracle, and this market pattern continues to this day.

(2) Oracle follows the trend of the times, and its products are constantly updated and iterated

Secret of success: Oracle team has a keen business sense, can accurately grasp the hot spots of the times, and constantly improve and polish products. Oracle’s leadership team has a strong business sense. At the beginning, Oracle could be founded according to the market demand only with an IBM paper. In the more than 40 years since the establishment of Oracle, it architecture and terminal equipment have been constantly innovating. Oracle has roughly experienced four times: minicomputers and mainframes, clients and servers, Internet architecture, cloud database and big data. However, no matter how the trend of the times changes, Oracle can always keep up with the hot spots of the times, and then continuously improve and optimize products and adjust market strategies to adapt to the rapid development of the times.

(3) Oracle has improved its industrial layout through continuous mergers and acquisitions

Secret of success: a large number of mergers and acquisitions form a business closed loop

Function 1: Oracle products have a wide variety and complete functions, thanks to a large number of mergers and acquisitions

By comparing the global computer software and hardware giants, Oracle’s product line layout is obviously much broader than that of several other manufacturers. Oracle’s complete product layout benefits from its continuous acquisition and merger of related companies. At the same time, Oracle’s products are also laid out in OLTP and OLAP, and their functions are very powerful. OLTP mainly refers to the database type that can perform basic daily transaction processing (addition, deletion, query and modification of database records). OLAP is a database that can support complex analysis operations and provide intuitive and understandable query results. A typical application is a complex dynamic report system.

Role 2: through a large number of mergers and acquisitions, Oracle continues to layout upstream and downstream of the database, forming a complete business ecosystem

In the database software industry chain, most of the upstream are network and hardware manufacturers composed of server manufacturers and chip manufacturers; The midstream consists of basic software manufacturers such as database, operating system and middleware; The downstream is mainly the application developers of various industries. Oracle has a layout upstream and downstream of database software, which has a great influence. At the same time, because it has formed a complete ecosystem of its own, even if there is a strategic mistake at a certain node, it is difficult for competitors to take advantage of it (breaking through the whole ecosystem requires a lot of time and financial resources).

4. Sorting of database manufacturers

4.1 foreign database manufacturer Oracle

Company profile

As the core deployment of computer architecture, database has developed for 50 years. Since the development of database products, it has experienced various changes in computing architecture and computing carrier, but the important position of database has not changed. At the same time, Oracle’s leadership in the database software industry has never changed. Founded in 1977 and headquartered in Redwood shore, California, Oracle is the world’s largest information management software and service provider. Oracle was founded by Larry Ellison, Bob miner and ED Oates in June 1977. It has a history of more than 40 years. During this period, more than a dozen versions of Oracle database have been changed. Over the past 40 years, Oracle has experienced both glory and trough, but finally survived in the market through lasting innovation and flexible business strategy. In 2013, Oracle successfully surpassed IBM and became the second largest software giant in the world after Microsoft.

Database product system

Oracle database products provide customers with cost optimized high-performance Oracle database, advanced integrated multi model database management system, in memory database, NoSQL database and MySQL database. Customers can use Oracle autonomous database through Oracle public cloud localization solution in local deployment environment or Oracle autonomous database in Oracle cloud infrastructure, so as to simplify relational database environment and reduce management workload. (report source: future think tank)

4.2 foreign database manufacturer – IBM

Company profile

Founded in 1911, IBM is the world’s largest information technology and business solutions company. Its main business units include global technical services (GTS), global business services (GBS), systems and technology, software and global finance. As a pioneer and leader in the field of relational database, E.F. Codd, a researcher of IBM, published the industry’s first paper on relational database theory, “a relational model of data for large shared data banks”, and put forward the concept of relational model for the first time.

IBM completed the prototype of system R system in 1973 and began to provide an integrated database server system / 38 in 1980, followed by SQL / DS for VSE and VM. Its initial version is closely related to the research prototype of system R. DB2 for mvsv1 was introduced in 1983. The goal of this version is to provide the simplicity, data irrelevance and user productivity promised by this new scheme. In 1988, DB2 for MVs provided powerful online transaction processing (OLTP) support. In 1989 and 1993, it realized distributed database support with remote work unit and distributed work unit respectively. DB2 Universal Database 6.1 is a model of general database. It is the first multimedia relational database management system with online function, and supports a series of platforms including Linux.

Database product system

BM DB2 is a series of data management products, including DB2 relational database. The integrated multi cloud data platform built by DB2 combined with AI and based on red hat openshift can help users realize the modernization of structured data and unstructured data management across local and multi cloud environments. At the same time, it provides optimized performance, availability, higher productivity, reduces costs, and maintains security, integrity and privacy of user data. It is designed to run on Microsoft Windows, UNIX and Linux operating systems.

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